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        MicroEMACS

        Full Screen Text Editor
        Reference Manual (preliminary draft)

        Version 3.8i
        April 27, 1987

        (C)opyright 1987 by Daniel M. Lawrence
        Reference Manual (C)opyright 1987
            by Brian Straight and Daniel M. Lawrence
        All Rights Reserved

        MicroEMACS 3.8i can be copied and distributed freely
        for any non-commercial purposes. MicroEMACS 3.8i can
        only be incorporated into commercial software with
        the permission of the current author.





































Introduction

    MicroEMACS  is    a  tool  for  creating    and  changing documents,
programs, and other  text  files.    It  is both relatively easy for the
novice to use, but also  very  powerfull  in  the  hands  of  an expert.
MicroEMACS can be extensively customized for the needs of the individual
user.

    MicroEMACS allows several files to be edited at  the  same time.
The  screen  can  be split into different windows, and text may be moved
freely from one window to the next.  Depending on the type of file being
edited, MicroEMACS can change  how  it    behaves  to make editing simple.
Editing standard text files, program files and    wordprocessing documents
are all possible at the same time.

    There are extensive capabilities  to  make  word  processing and
editing  easier.    These  include  commands  for  string searching  and
replacing, paragraph reformatting and deleting, automatic word wrapping,
word move and deletes, easy case controling, and automatic word counts.

    For complex  and repetitive editing tasks editing macroes can be
written.  These macroes allow the user a great degree of  flexibility in
determining how MicroEMACS behaves.    Also any and all the commands can
be used by  any  keystroke  by    changing,  or  rebinding,  what commands
various keys are connected, or bound, to.

    Special features are also available  to perform a diverse set of
operations such as file encryption,  automatic    backup    file generation,
entabbing and detabbing  lines,  executing of DOS commands and filtering
of text through other programs (like SORT to allow sorting text).

History

    EMACS was originally  a  text editor written by Richard Stahlman
at  MIT  in  the  early  1970s for Digital Equipment computers.  Various
versions, rewrites and clones have made an appearence since.

    This version of MicroEMACS is  derived from code written by Dave
G.  Conroy in 1985.  Later modifications were performed by Steve Wilhite
and George Jones.  In December of 1985    Daniel    Lawrence  picked  up the
then current source  (version  2.0) and has made extensive modifications
and additions to  it over the course of the next two years.  Updates and
support for  the  current  version  is    still  in progress.  The current
program author can be contacted by writing to:

    USMAIL: Daniel Lawrence
        617 New York St
        Lafayette, IN 47901

    UUCP:    ihnp4!pur-ee!pur-phy!duncan!lawrence
    ARPA:    [e-mail]
    FIDO:    Fido 201/2 The Programmer's Room [phone]












MicroEMACS Reference Manual                  Basic Concepts








                   Chapter 1

                 Basic Concepts


    The current version of MicroEMACS is 3.8i (Third major re-write,
eighth public release, Ith  (or  ninth) minor release), and for the rest
of this document, we shall simply refer to this version as "EMACS".  Any
modifications for later versions will be listed in the appendixes at the
end of this manual.


1.1  Keys and the Keyboard


    Many  times  throught  this  manual  we  will  be talking  about
commands  and  the keys on the keyboard needed use them.   There  are  a
number of "special" keys which can be used and are listed here:

<NL>         NewLine which    is also called RETURN or ENTER, this key
         is used to end different commands.

^         The control  key  can    be  used  before  any alphabetic
         character and some  symbols.    For example, ^C means to
         hold down the <CONTROL>  key  and type the C key at the
         same time.

^X         The  CONTROL-X key is used at    the  beginning    of  many
         different commands.

META or M-     This is a special EMACS key used to begin many commands
         as well.  This key is pressed, and then released before
         typing the next character.    On  most systems, this is
         the  <ESC>  key,  but    it  can  be  changed.    (consult
         appendix D to learn  what  key is used for META on your
         computer).

    Whenever a command is described, the manual will list the actual
keystokes needed to execute it    in boldface using the above conventions,
and also the name of the command in italics.


1.2  Getting Started


    In order to use EMACS, you must call it up from your system's or
computer's command prompt.    On  UNIX    and  MSDOS  machines,  just type
"emacs" from the main command prompt and follow it with the  <RETURN> or


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Basic Concepts                     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


<ENTER> key (we will refer to  this  key  as <NL> for "new-line" for the
remainder  of  this  manual).  On the Macintosh, the Amiga, the ATARI ST
and other icon based operating systems, double click on the uEMACS icon.
Shortly after this, a screen similar to the one below should appear.


1.3  Parts and Pieces


    The screen is divided into a number of    areas  or  windows.   On
some systems the top window contains a function list  of  unshifted  and
shifted function keys.    We will discuss these keys later. Below  them is
an EMACS  mode    line  which,  as we will see, informs you of the present
mode of operation of  the  editor--for example "(WRAP)" if you set EMACS
to wrap at the end  of each line. Under the mode line is the text window
where  text  appears  and is manipulated.  Since each window has its own
mode line, below the text window is it's mode line.   The  last  line of
the screen is the command line where EMACS takes commands and reports on
what it is doing.

===============================================================================
f1 search      f2 search back : F1 toggle function list F2 toggle help file
f3 hunt        f4 hunt back   : F3 find command/apropos F4 describe key
f5 next window f6 exec macro  : F5 reformat paragraph    F6 ref undented region
f7 find file   f8 exec file   : F7 indent region    F8 undent region
f9 save file  f10 exit emacs  : F9 execute DOS command F10 shell up
===============================================================================
-- MicroEMACS 3.8i () -- Function Keys ---------------------------------------
===============================================================================












===============================================================================
-- MicroEMACS 3.8i () -- Main ------------------------------------------------
===============================================================================
        Fig 1:    EMACS screen on an IBM-PC


1.4  Entering Text


    Entering text in EMACS is simple.  Type  the  following sentence
fragment:

      Fang Rock lighthouse, center of a series of mysterious and


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MicroEMACS Reference Manual                  Basic Concepts


The text is displayed at the top of the text window.  Now type:

      terrifying events at the turn of the century

    Notice the text to the left  of  the cursor disappears and a '$'
sign appears.  Don't panic--your  text is safe!!! You've just discovered
that  EMACS  doesn't  "wrap"  text  to    the  next  line  like most  word
processors unless you hit <NL>.  But since EMACS is  used  for both word
processing, and text editing, it has a bit of a  dual  personality.  You
can change the way it works by setting various modes.  In this case, you
need  to set WRAP mode, using the add-mode command, by typing ^X-M.  The
command line at  the base of the screen will prompt you for the mode you
wish  to  add.     Type wrap followed by the <NL> key and any text you now
enter will be wrapped.      However, the command doesn't wrap text already
entered.  To get rid of  the  truncated line, delete characters with the
<BACKSPACE>  key  until the '$' goes away.  Now type in  the  words  you
deleted, watch how EMACS goes down to the next line  at  the right time.
(In some  versions  of    EMACS,    WRAP is a default mode in which case you
don't  have  to  worry    about  the instructions relating to adding  this
mode.)

    Now let's type a longer insert.  Hit <NL> a  couple  of times to
tab  down  from  the  text  you  just  entered.  Now type the  following
paragraphs.  Press <NL> twice to indicate a paragraph break.

      Fang Rock lighthouse,  center  of a series of mysterious and
      terrifying events at the turn of the century, is built  on a
      rocky island a few miles of the Channel coast.  So  small is
      the  island  that  wherever you stand its rocks are wet with
      sea spray.

      The  lighthouse tower is in the center of  the  island.     A
      steep flight of steps  leads  to the heavy door in its base.
      Winding stairs lead up to the crew room.


1.5  Basic cursor movement


    Now  let's practice moving around in this text.    To  move  the
cursor back to    the  word  "Winding,"  enter  M-B  previous-word.   This
command moves the cursor backwards by one word at a time.  Note you have
to press the key combination every time the  cursor  steps  back  by one
word.     Continuously  pressing  META  and toggling B produces an  error
message.    To    move forward to the word "stairs" enter M-F, which moves
the cursor forward by one word at a time.

    Notice that EMACS commands are usually mnemonic--F  for forward,
B for backward, for example.

    To move the cursor up one line, enter ^P previous-line, down one
line ^N next-line.  Practice this  movement  by moving the cursor to the
word "terrifying" in the second line.



                                       3






Basic Concepts                     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


    The  cursor may also be moved forward  or  backward  in  smaller
increments.    To  move forward by  one  character,  enter  ^F    forward-
character, to move  backward,  ^B backward-character.  EMACS also allows
you  to  specify a number which is normally used to tell  a  command  to
execute  many  times.    To repeat most commands, press META and then the
number before you enter the  command.     Thus,    the  command  META  5 ^F
(M-5^F) will move  the    cursor    forward  by five characters.  Try moving
around in the text by using these commands.  For extra practice, see how
close  you can come to the word "small" in the first paragraph by giving
an argument to the commands listed here.

    Two other simple cursor commands that are useful to help us move
around in the text are M-N next-paragraph which moves the cursor  to the
second paragraph, and M-P previous-paragraph  which moves it back to the
previous paragraph.  The cursor may  also  be moved rapidly from one end
of  the line to the other.  Move the cursor to the  word  "few"  in  the
second line.  Press ^A beginning-of-line.  Notice the  cursor  moves  to
the word "events" at the beginning of the line.  Pressing ^E end-of-line
moves the cursor to the end of the line.

    Finally, the cursor may be moved  from    any point in the file to
the  end  or  beginning of the file.  Entering M-> end-of-file moves the
cursor    to the end of the buffer, M-<  beginning-of-file  to  the  first
character of the file.

    On the IBM-PC, the ATARI ST and many other machines,  the cursor
keys can also  be  used to move the cursor about.  Also, if there is one
available, moving the mouse will move the cursor.

    Practice moving the cursor in the text until you are comfortable
with the commands we've explored in this chapter.


1.6  Saving your text


    When you've finished practicing cursor movement, save your file.
Your file currently  resides  in  a  BUFFER.   The buffer is a temporary
storage area for your text, and is lost when the computer is turned off.
You can save the buffer to a file by entering  ^X-^S  save-file.  Notice
that  EMACS informs you that your file has no name and will not let  you
save it.

    To  save  your    buffer to a file with a different name than it's
current one (which is empty), press ^X^W write-file.  EMACS  will prompt
you for  the  filename    you  wish to write.  Enter the name fang.txt and
press return.    On a micro, the drive light will come on, and EMACS will
inform you it is writing the file.  When it finishes, it will inform you
of the number of lines it has written to the disk.

    Congratulations!! You've just saved your first EMACS file!





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MicroEMACS Reference Manual                  Basic Concepts






               Chapter 1 Summary


    In chapter 1, you learned how to enter    text,  how  to    use wrap
mode, how to move the  cursor, and to save a buffer.  The following is a
table  of  the    commands covered in this chapter and their corresponding
key bindings:

Key Binding        Keystroke    Effect

abort-command        ^G        aborts current command

add-mode        ^XM        allows addition of EMACS
                    mode such as WRAP

backward-character    ^B        moves cursor left one character

beginning-of-file    M-<        moves cursor to beginning of file

beginning-of-line    ^A        moves cursor to beginning of line

end-of-file        M->        moves cursor to end of file

end-of-line        ^E        moves cursor to end of line

forward-character    ^F        moves cursor right one character

next-line        ^N        moves cursor to next line

next-paragraph        M-N        moves cursor to next paragraph

next-word        M-F        moves cursor forward one word

previous-line        ^P        moves cursor backward by one line

previous-paragraph    M-P        moves cursor to previous paragraph

previous-word        M-B        moves cursor backward by one word

save-file        ^X-^S        saves current buffer to a file

write-file        ^X-^W        save current buffer under a new name










                                       5






Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions        MicroEMACS Reference
                                  Manual








                   Chapter 2

         Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions


2.1  A Word About Windows, Buffers, Screens, and Modes


    In the first chapter, you learned how to create and save  a file
in EMACS. Let's do some more editing on  this  file.    Call up emacs by
typing in the following command.

    emacs fang.txt

    On  icon  oriented  systems, double click on  the  uEMACS  icon,
usually a file dialog box of some sort    will  appear.     Choose FANG.TXT
from the appropriate folder.

    Shortly  after    you  invoke EMACS, the text should appear on the
screen ready  for  you    to  edit.  The text you are looking at currently
resides in a buffer.  A  buffer  is  a temporary area of computer memory
which is the primary unit internal to EMACS -- this  is  the place where
EMACS goes to work.  The mode line at the bottom of the screen lists the
buffer name, FANG.TXT and the name of the file with which this buffer is
associated, FANG.TXT

    The computer talks to you through  the    use of its screen.  This
screen usually has an area of 24 lines    each  of  80  characters across.
You can use  EMACS  to    subdivide  the screen into several separate work
areas, or windows, each  of  which can be 'looking into' different files
or sections of text.  Using windows, you  can  work  on  several related
texts at one  time,  copying  and  moving blocks of text between windows
with ease.   To  keep  track  of  what    you  are editing, each window is
identified by a mode line on the last line of the window which lists the
name of  the  buffer  which  it is looking into, the file from which the
text was read, and how the text is being edited.

    An EMACS mode tells EMACS how  to  deal  with user input.  As we
have already seen, the mode 'WRAP' controls how EMACS  deals  with  long
lines (lines with over 79 characters) while the user is typing    them in.
The  'VIEW' mode, allows you to read a file without modifying it.  Modes
are associated with buffers and not  with  files; hence, a mode needs to
be explicitly set or removed every time you  edit  a  file.   A new file
read into a buffer with a previously specified mode will be edited under
this  mode.    If you use specific modes frequently, EMACS allows you to
set the modes which are used by all new buffers, called global modes.



6






MicroEMACS Reference Manual        Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and
                                   Deletions


2.2  Insertions


    Your previously-saved text should look like this:

      Fang Rock lighthouse,  center  of a series of mysterious and
      terrifying events at the turn of the century, is built  on a
      rocky island a few miles of the Channel coast.  So  small is
      the  island  that  wherever you stand its rocks are wet with
      sea spray.

      The  lighthouse tower is in the center of  the  island.     A
      steep flight of steps  leads  to the heavy door in its base.
      Winding stairs lead up to the crew room.

    Let's assume you want to add a sentence in the    second paragraph
after  the  word  "base."    Move the cursor until it is on the  "W"  of
"Winding". Now type the following:

      This  gives entry to the lower floor  where  the    big  steam
      generator  throbs  steadily away, providing  power  for  the
      electric lantern.

    If the line fails to  wrap and you end up with a '$' sign in the
right margin, just  enter  M-Q fill-paragraph to reformat the paragraph.
This  new  command  attempts to fill out a paragraph.    Long  lines  are
divided up, and  words    are  shuffled  around to make the paragraph look
nicer.

    Notice that all visible EMACS characters  are  self-inserting --
all you had to do was  type  the  characters to insert and the exisiting
text made space for it.  With a few exceptions discussed later, all non-
printing characters  (such as control or escape sequences) are commands.
To insert spaces,  simply use the space bar.  Now move to the first line
of the file and type ^O open-line (Oh, not zero).    You've just learned
how to insert a blank line in your text.


2.3  Deletions


    EMACS  offers  a  number of deletion options.  For example, move
the cursor until it's under the period at the end  of  the insertion you
just  did.    Press  the  backspace  key.   Notice the "n" on  "lantern"
disappeared.  The backspace implemented on EMACS is called a destructive
backspace--it  removes    text   immediately  before  the  current  cursor
position  from    the  buffer.    Now  type  ^H delete-previous-character.
Notice    that  the  cursor  moves  back and obliterates    the  "r"--either
command will backspace the cursor.

    Type in the two letters you erased to restore your text and move
the cursor to the obeginning of the buffer M-> beginning-of-file.   Move
the cursor down one line to the beginning of the first paragraph.


                                       7






Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions        MicroEMACS Reference
                                  Manual


    To delete the  forward character, type ^D delete-next-character.
The  "F" of "Fang" disappears.    Continue to type ^D until the whole word
is erased EMACS also permits the deletion of larger  elements  of  text.
Move  the  cursor  to the word "center"  in  the  first  line  of  text.
Pressing  M-<backspace> delete-previous-word kills the word  immediately
before the cursor.  M-^H has the same effect.

    Notice    that  the  commands  are  very    similar  to the  control
commands  you  used  to delete individual letters.  As a general rule in
EMACS,    control sequences affect small areas  of  text,  META  sequences
larger areas.  The word forward of the cursor position can  therefore be
deleted  by  typing  M-D  delete-next-word.    Now  let's take    out  the
remainder of the first    line  by typing ^K kill-to-end-of-line.  You now
have a blank  line  at the top of your screen.    Typing ^K again or ^X-^O
delete-blank-lines deletes the blank line and flushes the second line to
the top of the text.  Now exit EMACS by typing ^X-^C exit-emacs.  Notice
EMACS  reminds    you  that you have not saved your buffer.    Ignore  the
warning and exit.  This way you can exit EMACS without saving any of the
changes you just made.




               Chapter 2 Summary


    In Chapter 2, you learned about the basic  'building  blocks' of
an EMACS text file--buffers, windows, and files.

Key binding        Keystroke    Effect
delete-previous-character
            ^H        deletes character immediately before
                    the current cursor position

delete-next-character    ^D        deletes character immediately after
                    current cursor position

delete-previous-word    M-^H        deletes word immediately before
                    current cursor position

delete-next-word    M-D        deletes word immediately after
                    current cursor position

kill-to-end-of-line    ^K        deletes from current cursor
                    position to end of line

insert-space        ^C        inserts a space to right of cursor

open-line        ^O        inserts blank line

delete-blank-lines    ^X-^O        removes blank line

exit-emacs        ^X-^C        exits emacs


8






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                   Using Regions








                   Chapter 3

                 Using Regions


3.1  Defining and Deleting a Region


    At  this  point  its time to familiarize ourselves with two more
EMACS  terms--the point and the mark.  The  point  is  located    directly
behind the current cursor position.  The mark (as we shall  see shortly)
is user defined.    These  two    elements together are called the current
region    and limit the region of text on which EMACS performs many of its
editing functions.

    Let's begin by entering some new text.    Don't forget to add wrap
mode if its not set  on this buffer.  Start EMACS and open a file called
PUBLISH.TXT.  Type in the following text:

      One of the largest growth  areas    in  personal  computing is
      electronic  publishing.     There    are packages available for
      practically every machine from elegantly simple programs for
      the  humble  Commodore  64  to   sophisticated  professional
      packages for PC and Macintosh computers.

      Electronic publishing  is as revolutionary in its way as the
      Gutenburg press.    Whereas  the  printing    press  allowed the
      mass  production    and  distribution  of  the  written  word,
      electronic publishing puts the means  of    production  in the
      hands of nearly  every  individual.  From the class magazine
      to  the corporate report, electronic publishing is  changing
      the way we produce and disseminate information.

      Personal     publishing  greatly  increases  the  utility    of
      practically every computer.  Thousands of people    who joined
      the computer revolution of  this    decade    only to hide their
      machines unused in closets have  discovered  a  new  use for
      them as dedicated publishing workstations.

    Now let's do some editing.  The last paragraph    seems  a  little
out of place.  To see what the document looks like without it we can cut
it from the text by moving the cursor to the beginning of the paragraph.
Enter M-<space> set-mark.  EMACS will respond with "[Mark  set]".    Now
move the cursor to the end of the paragraph.  You  have  just  defined a
region    of  text.  To remove this text from the screen,  type  ^W  kill-
region.  The paragraph disappears from the screen.




                                       9






Using Regions                     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


    On further consideration, however, perhaps the paragraph  we cut
wasn't so bad after all.   The    problem  may have been one of placement.
If we could  tack  it on to the end of the first paragraph it might work
quite well to support and strengthen  the  argument.  Move the cursor to
the end of  the first paragraph and enter ^Y yank.  Your text should now
look like this:

      One of the largest growth  areas    in  personal  computing is
      electronic  publishing.     There    are packages available for
      practically every machine from elegantly simple programs for
      the  humble  Commodore  64  to   sophisticated  professional
      packages    for  PC  and   Macintosh   computers.      Personal
      publishing  greatly increases  the  utility  of  practically
      every computer.  Thousands of people who joined the computer
      revolution of this decade only to hide their machines unused
      in closets have discovered a new use for    them  as dedicated
      publishing workstations.

      Electronic publishing  is as revolutionary in its way as the
      Gutenburg press.    Whereas  the  printing    press  allowed the
      mass  production    and  distribution  of  the  written  word,
      electronic publishing puts the means  of    production  in the
      hands of nearly every individual. From the class magazine to
      the corporate report,  electronic publishing is changing the
      way we produce and disseminate information.


3.2  Yanking a Region


    The text you cut initially  didn't simply just disappear, it was
cut  into  a  buffer that retains the 'killed' text appropriately called
the kill  buffer.    ^Y  "yanks" the text back from this buffer into the
current buffer. If you have a long line (indicated, remember, by the "$"
sign), simply hit M-Q to reformat the paragraph.

    There are other uses to which the kill buffer can be put.  Using
the method we've already learned, define the last paragraph as a region.
Now type M-W copy-region.  Nothing seems to have  happened;  the  cursor
stays blinking at the point.   But  things have changed, even though you
may not be able to see any alteration.

    To see what  has  happened  to    the contents of the kill buffer,
move the cursor down a couple  of  lines  and "yank" the contents of the
kill  buffer  back  with ^Y.  Notice the last paragraph is now repeated.
The region you defined is "tacked on" to the end of your file because M-
W  copies a region to the kill buffer while leaving the original text in
your working buffer.    Some  caution  is  needed  however,  because the
contents of the  kill  buffer  are  updated when you delete any regions,
lines  or  words.   If you are moving large quantities of text, complete
the  operation    before    you do any more deletions or you could find that
the text you want to move has been replaced by the most recent deletion.
Remember--a buffer is a  temporary  area of computer memory that is lost
when the machine is powered down or switched off.  In order to make your


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MicroEMACS Reference Manual                   Using Regions


changes permanent, they must be saved to a file before you  leave EMACS.
Let's  delete  the section of text we just added and save  the    file  to
disk.




               Chapter 3 Summary


    In Chapter 3, you learned how to achieve  longer  insertions and
deletions.   The  EMACS  terms    point  and  mark were introduced and you
learned how to manipulate text with the kill buffer.

Key Binding    Keystroke    Effect

Delete-Region    ^W        Deletes region between point and mark and
                places it in KILL buffer

Copy-Region    M-W        Copies text between point and mark into
                KILL buffer

Yank-Text    ^Y        Inserts a copy of the KILL buffer into
                current buffer at point
































                                      11






Search and Replace                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                   Chapter 4

               Search and Replace


4.1  Forward Search


    Load EMACS and    bring  in  the    file  you just saved.  Your file
should look like the one below.

      One of the largest growth  areas    in  personal  computing is
      electronic  publishing.     There    are packages available for
      practically every machine from elegantly simple programs for
      the  humble  Commodore  64  to   sophisticated  professional
      packages    for  PC  and   Macintosh   computers.      Personal
      publishing  greatly increases  the  utility  of  practically
      every computer.  Thousands of people who joined the computer
      revolution of this decade only to hide their machines unused
      in closets have discovered a new use for    them  as dedicated
      publishing workstations.

      Electronic publishing  is as revolutionary in its way as the
      Gutenburg press.    Whereas  the  printing    press  allowed the
      mass  production    and  distribution  of  the  written  word,
      electronic publishing puts the means  of    production  in the
      hands of nearly every individual. From the class magazine to
      the corporate report,  electronic publishing is changing the
      way we produce and disseminate information.

    Let's  use  EMACS  to search for the word "revolutionary" in the
second    paragraph.    Because  EMACS  searches from the  current  cursor
position toward the  end  of  buffers,    and we intend to search forward,
move the cursor to the beginning of the text.  Enter  ^S search-forward.
Note that the command line now reads

    "Search [] <META>:"

    EMACS is prompting you to enter the search string  --  the  text
you want to find.  Enter  the  word  revolutionary and hit the META key.
The cursor moves to the end of the word "revolutionary."

    Notice that you must  enter  the <META> key to start the search.
If  you  simply  press    <NL>  the  command  line responds  with  "<NL>".
Although this may seem infuriating to users who are used to pressing the
return    key  to  execute  any  command,  EMACS'  use  of <META> to begin
searches allows it to pinpoint text with great accuracy.    After  every
line wrap or carriage return, EMACS 'sees' a new line  character (<NL>).


12






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                  Search and Replace


If you need to search for a word at the end of a line,    you  can specify
this word uniquely in EMACS.

    In our sample text  for  example, the word "and" occurs a number
of times, but only once at the end  of    a  line.    To    search    for this
particular occurance of the word, move the cursor to  the  beginning  of
the buffer and type ^S.  Notice that  EMACS  stores  the  last specified
search string as the default string.  If  you  press  <META>  now, EMACS
will search for the default string, in this case, "revolutionary."

    To change this string  so  we can search for our specified "and"
simply enter the word and followed by <NL>.  The command line now shows:

    "search [and<NL>]<META>:"

    Press <META> and the cursor moves to "and"  at    the  end  of the
second last line.


4.2  Exact Searches


    If  the  mode  EXACT is active    in  the  current  buffer,  EMACS
searches on a case sensitive basis.  Thus, for example you  could search
for Publishing as distinct from publishing.


4.3  Backward Search


    Backward searching is very similar to  forward    searching except
that it is implemented in the reverse direction.  To implement a reverse
search,  type ^R search-reverse.  Because  EMACS  makes  no  distinction
between forward and backward stored search strings, the last search item
you entered appears as the default  string.   Try searching back for any
word that  lies  between  the  cursor  and  the beginning of the buffer.
Notice    that when the item is found, the point moves to the beginning of
the found string (i.e., the cursor appears under the first letter of the
search item).

    Practice searching for other words in your text.


4.4  Searching and Replacing


    Searching  and    replacing  is a powerful and quick way of making
changes to your text.     Our sample text is about electronic publishing,
but the correct  term  is  'desktop'  publishing.  To make the necessary
changes we need to replace all occurances of the word  "electronic" with
"desktop." First, move the cursor to the top of the current  buffer with
the  M-<  command.  Then type M-R  replace-string.    The  command  line
responds:



                                      13






Search and Replace                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual


    "Replace []<META>:"

    where the square brackets enclose  the default string.    Type the
word electronic and hit <META>.  The command line responds:

    "with []<META>"

    type  desktop<META>.    EMACS  replaces  all  instances  of  the
original  word    with  your  revision.     Of  course,  you  will have  to
captialize  the  first    letter    of  "desktop"  where  it occurs  at  the
beginning of a sentence.

    You  have  just  completed an unconditional replace.    In  this
operation,  EMACS  replaces  every instance of the found string with the
replacement string.


4.5  Query-Replace


    You may  also  replace    text  on a case by case basis.    The M-^R
query-replace-string command causes  EMACS  to pause at each instance of
the found string.

    For example, assume we    want  to  replace  some instances of the
word "desktop" with the word "personal." Go back to the beginning of the
current buffer and enter the  M-^R query-replace command.  The procedure
is  very  similar  to  that  which  you  followed in  the  unconditional
search/replace option.    When the  search begins however, you will notice
that EMACS pauses at each instance of "publishing" and asks  whether you
wish to replace it with the  replacement  string.   You have a number of
options available for response:

    Response    Effect
    Y(es)    Make the current replacement and skip to the next
        occurance of the search string

    N(o)    Do not make this replacement but continue

    !    Do the rest of the replacements with no more queries

    U(ndo)    Undo just the last replacement and query for it
        again (This can only go back ONE time)

    ^G    Abort the replacement command (This action does not
        undo previously-authorized replacements

    .    Same effect as ^G, but cursor returns to the point at
        which the replacement command was given

    ?    This lists help for the query replacement command

    Practice searching and searching and  replacing  until    you feel
comfortable with the commands and their effects.


14






Windows                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual


               Chapter 4 Summary


    In this chapter, you learned how to search for specified strings
of  text  in  EMACS.    The  chapter  also dealt with searching for  and
replacing elements within a buffer.

Key Binding        Keystroke             Effect

Search-Forward        ^S    Searches from point to end of buffer.
                Point is moved from current location to
                the end of the found string

Search-Backward         ^R    Searches from point to beginning of buffer.
                Point is moved from current location to
                beginning of found string

Replace                 M-R Replace ALL ocurrences of search string with
                specified (null) string from point to the
                end of the current buffer

Query-Replace           M-^R    As above, but pause at each found string
                and query for action

































16






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                     Windows








                   Chapter 5

                Windows


5.1  Creating Windows


    We  have already met windows in an earlier  chapter.    In  this
chapter, we will explore one of EMACS' more powerful  features    --  text
manipulation through multiple windowing.

    You will recall that  windows  are areas of buffer text that you
can see on the screen.    Because EMACS can support several screen windows
simultaneously you can    use  them  to  look into different places in the
same  buffer.     You  can  also  use them to look at text  in  different
buffers.  In effect, you can edit several files at the same time.

    Let's invoke EMACS and pull  back our file on desktop publishing
by typing

      emacs publish.txt

    When  the  text  appears,  type  the  ^X-2  split-current-window
command.  The  window  splits  into  two  windows.  The window where the
cursor resides is called the current  window  -- in this case the bottom
window.  Notice  that  each window has a text area and a mode line.  The
command line is however, common to all windows on the screen.

    The  two  windows  on your screen are virtually mirror images of
each  other because the new window is opened into the same buffer as the
one you are in when you issue the  Open-Window    command.    All commands
issued    to  EMACS are executed on the  current    buffer    in  the  current
window.

    To move  the  cursor  to  the  upper  window (i.e., to make that
window the current window, type ^X-P previous-window.  Notice the cursor
moves to the upper or previous window.    Entering ^X-O  next-window moves
to the next window.  Practice  moving  between windows.  You will notice
that you can  also  move  into    the  Function Key menu by entering these
commands.

    Now move to the upper window.  Let's open a new  file.      On the
EMACS  disk is a tutorial file.  Let's call it into the upper window  by
typing:

      ^X-^F find-file



                                      17






Windows                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual


and press return.  Then enter the filename emacs.tut.

    In a short time, the tutorial file will appear    in  the  window.
We now    have  two  windows  on    the  screen, each looking into different
buffers.  We  have just used the ^X- ^F find-file command to find a file
and bring it into our current window.

    You can scroll any window up  and  down with the cursor keys, or
with the commands  we've  learned  so  far. However, because the area of
visible  text in each window is relatively small,  you    can  scroll  the
current window a line at a time.

    Type ^X-^N move-window-down

    The current window scrolls down by  one  line -- the top line of
text scrolls out of view, and the bottom line moves  towards  the top of
the  screen.    You can imagine, if you like, the  whole  window  slowly
moving down to the end of the buffer  in  increments  of  one line.  The
command  ^X-^P    move-window-up    scrolls  the  window  in   the    opposite
direction.

    As  we have seen, EMACS editing commands  are  executed  in  the
current  window,  but  the  program  does support a useful feature  that
allows you to scroll  the  next window.  M-^Z scroll-next-up scrolls the
next window up, M-^U  scroll-next-down    scrolls  it  downward.    From the
tutorial  window,  practice  scrolling    the  window  with   the  desktop
publishing text in it up and down.

    When you're finished,  exit  EMACS without saving any changes in
your files.

    Windows offer you  a  powerful    and  easy  way to edit text.  By
manipulating   a  number  of  windows  and   buffers   on   the   screen
simultaneously,  you can perform complete edits  and  revisions  on  the
computer screen while having your  draft text or original data available
for reference in another window.

    Experiment  with splitting the windows on  your  screen.    Open
windows into different buffers and experiment with any    other  files you
may have.   ry editing the text in each window, but don't forget to save
any changes you want to keep --  you  still  have  to  save  each buffer
separately.


5.2  Deleting Windows


5.3  Resizing Windows


5.4  Other Window commands





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MicroEMACS Reference Manual                     Windows






               Chapter 5 Summary


    In  Chapter  5    you  learned  how to manipulate windows and  the
editing flexibility they offer.

Key Binding        Keystroke               Effect

Open-Window        ^X-2        Splits current window into two windows
                    if space is available

Close-Windows        ^X-1        Closes all windows except current
                    window

Next-Window        ^X-O        Moves point into next (i.e. downward)
                    window

Previous-Window         ^X-P        Moves point to previous (i.e. upward)
                    window

Move-Window-Down    ^X-^N        Scrolls current window down one line

Move-Window-Up        ^X-^P        Scrolls current window up one line

Redraw-display        M-! or        Window is moved so line with point
            M-^L        (with cursor) is at center of window

Grow-Window        ^X-^        Current window is enlarged by one
                    line and nearest window is shrunk by
                    one line

Shrink-Window        ^X-^Z        Current window is shrunk by one line
                    and nearest window is enlarged by one
                    line

Clear-and-Redraw    ^L        Screen is blanked and redrawn.    Keeps
                    screen updates in sync with your
                    commands

Scroll-Next-Up        M-^Z        Scrolls next window up by one line

Scroll-Next-Down    M-^U        Scrolls next window down by one line










                                      19






Buffers                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                   Chapter 6

                Buffers


     We have already learned a  number  of things about buffers.  As
you  will  recall,  they are the major internal entities in EMACS -- the
place  where  editing  commands are executed.  They are characterized by
their  names,  their  modes,  and  by  the  file  with    which  they  are
associated.   Each buffer also "remembers" its mark  and  point.    This
convenient feature allows you to go  to  other buffers and return to the
original location in the "current" buffer.

    Advanced users of EMACS frequently have a number  of  buffers in
the computer's memory simultaneously.  In the last chapter, for example,
you  opoened at least two buffers -- one into the text you were editing,
and the other into the EMACS on-line tutorial.    If you deal with complex
text files -- say, sectioned chapters  of  a  book, you may have five or
six buffers in    the  computer's  memory.    You  could    select different
buffers  by simply calling up the file with  ^X-^F  find-file,    and  let
EMACS  open  or  reopen  the  buffer.     However,  EMACS offers fast and
sophisticated buffering techniques that you will find easy to master and
much more convenient to use.

    Let's begin by opening three buffers.  You can    open  any  three
you choose, for example call  the following files into memory: fang.txt,
publish.txt, and emacs.tut  in    the  order  listed  here.    When you've
finished this process, you'll  be  looking at a screen showing the EMACS
tutorial.    Let's  assume that you want to move to the fang.txt buffer.
Enter:

    ^X-X next-buffer

    This command moves you to the next buffer.  Because EMACS cycles
through the buffer list, which is  alphabetized,  you will now be in the
fang.txt buffer. Using ^X-X again  places you in the publish.txt buffer.
If  you  are  on a machine that supports function keys, using ^X-X again
places you in the Function Keys buffer. Using ^X-X one last  time cycles
you back to the beginning of the list.

    If you have a large number of buffers to deal with, this cycling
process  may  be  slow and inconvenient.  The command ^X-B select-buffer
allows    you to specify the buffer you wish to be switched to.  When  the
command  is entered, EMACS prompts, "Use buffer:".    Simply  enter  the
buffer    name  (NOT  the file name), and that buffer will then become the
current buffer.




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MicroEMACS Reference Manual                     Buffers


    Multiple buffer manipulation and editing is a  complex activity,
and you will probably  find  it very inconvenient to re-save each buffer
as you modify it.  The    command  ^X-^B list-buffers creates a new window
that  gives  details  about  all  the buffers currently known to  EMACS.
Buffers that have been modified are identified by  the    "buffer changed"
indicator (an asterisk in the second column).  You can thus  quickly and
easily identify buffers that need to  be  saved to files before you exit
EMACS.     The buffer window also provides  other  information  --  buffer
specific modes, buffer size, and buffer name are also listed.    To close
this window, simply type the close-windows command, ^X-1.

    To delete any buffer,  type  ^X-K  delete-buffer.  EMACS prompts
you "Kill buffer:".   Enter the buffer name you want to delete.  As this
is  destructive  command,  EMACS will ask for confirmation if the buffer
was  changed and not saved.  Answer Y(es) or N(o).  As usual ^G  cancels
the command.








































                                      21






Buffers                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual






               Chapter 6 Summary


    In Chapter 6 you learned how to manipulate buffers.

Key Binding        Keystroke               Effect
Next-Buffer        ^X-^X        Switch to the next buffer in the
                    buffer list

Select-Buffer        ^X-B        Switch to a particular buffer

List-Buffers        ^X-^B        List all buffers

Delete-Buffer        ^X-K        delete a particular buffer if it
                    is off-screen





































22






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                       Modes








                   Chapter 7

                 Modes


    EMACS  allows  you  to change the  way    it  works  in  order  to
customized it to the style of editing you are using.   It  does  this by
providing a number of different modes.    These modes can effect    either a
single buffer, or any new  buffer that is created.  To add a mode to the
current buffer, type ^X-M add-mode.  EMACS will then prompt you  for the
name of a mode to add.    When you type  in  a legal mode name, and type a
<NL>, EMACS will  add the mode name to the list of current mode names in
the modeline of the current buffer.

    To remove an existing  mode,  typing  the ^X-^M delete-mode will
cause EMACS to prompt you  for    the  name  of  a mode to delete from the
current buffer.  This will remove  that  mode  from the mode list on the
current modeline.

    Global modes are  the  modes  which  are  inherited  by  any new
buffers which are created.  For example, if you wish to always do string
searching with character  case    being significant, you would want global
mode EXACT to be set so that any new files read  in  inherent  the EXACT
mode.  Global modes are set with the M-M  add-global-mode  command,  and
unset  with  the  M-^M delete-global-mode command.   Also,  the  current
global modes are  displayed  in  the  first line of a ^X-^B list-buffers
command.

    On machines which are capable  of  displaying  colors,    the mode
commands can also set the  background  and  forground  character colors.
Using add-mode or  delete-mode    with  a  lowercase  color  will  set the
background color in the current window.  An uppercase color will set the
forground color in the current window.    Colors that  EMACS  knows  about
are: white, cyan, magenta, yellow, blue, red, green, and black.   If the
computer you  are  running  on    does  not  have eight colors, EMACS will
attempt to make some intellegent guess at what color to use when you ask
for one which is not there.


7.1  ASAVE mode


    Automatic Save mode  tells  EMACS to automatically write out the
current buffer to its associated file on a regular basis.  Normally this
will be  every    256  characters  typed    into  the file.  The environment
variable $ACOUNT counts down to the next auto-save, and  $ASAVE  is  the
value used to reset $ACOUNT after a save occurs.



                                      23






Modes                         MicroEMACS Reference Manual


7.2  CMODE mode


    CMODE is useful to  C  programmers.  When CMODE is active, EMACS
will try to assist the user in a number of  ways.    This  mode  is  set
automatically with files that have a .c or .h extension.

    The <NL> key  will  normally  attempt  to return the user to the
next line at the same level  of  indentation as the current line, unless
the  current line ends with a open brace ({) in which case the new  line
will be further indented by one tab position.

    A close brace (}) will delete one tab position preceeding itself
as  it is typed.  This should line up the close brace with its    matching
IF, FOR or WHILE statement.

    A  pound  sign    (#) with only leading whitespace will delete all
the whitespace preceeding itself. This    will  always  bring preprocessor
directives flush to the left margin.

    Whenever any close fence is typed, ie )]>}, if the matching open
fence is on screen in the current window, the cursor will  breifly flash
to  it, and then back. This makes  balencing  expresions,  and    matching
blocks much easier.


7.3  CRYPT mode


    When a buffer is in CRYPT  mode,  it is encrypted whenever it is
written to a file, and decrypted when it  is  read  from  the file.  The
encryption key can be specified on the command line with the  -k switch,
or with the M-E set-encryption-key command.    If you attempt to read or
write a buffer in crypt mode and now key has not  been    set,  EMACS will
execute  set-encryption-key automatically, prompting you for the  needed
key.  Whenever EMACS prompts  you for a key, it will not echo the key to
your screen as    you  type it (ie make SURE you get it right when you set
it originally).

    The encryption algorithm used changes all characters into normal
printing characters, thus the resulting file is suitable for sending via
electronic mail.  All  version    of MicroEMACS should be able decrypt the
resulting file regardless of what  machine encrypted it.  Also available
with EMACS is the stand  alone program, MicroCRYPT, which can en/decrypt
the files produced by CRYPT mode in EMACS.


7.4  EXACT mode


    All string searches and replacements will take    upper/lower case
into account. Normally the case of  a  string during a search or replace
is not taken into account.



24






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                       Modes


7.5  MAGIC mode


    In the    MAGIC mode certain characters gain special meanings when
used  in  a  search  pattern.     Collectively  they  are know as regular
expressions, and a limited number of them are  supported  in MicroEmacs.
They grant greater flexability when  using the search command.    However,
they do not affect the incremental search command.

    The symbols that have special meaning in MAGIC mode are ^, $, .,
*, [ (and ], used with it), and \.

    The characters ^ and  $  fix the search pattern to the beginning
and  end  of  line, respectively.  The ^ character must  appear  at  the
beginning of the search string,  and  the  $  must  appear  at    the end,
otherwise they loose their  meaning  and are treated just like any other
character.  For example,  in  MAGIC mode, searching for the pattern "t$"
would  put the cursor at the end of any line that ended with the  letter
't'.  Note that this is  different  than searching for "t<NL>", that is,
't' followed by a newline character.  The character $  (and  ^, for that
matter) matches a position, not a character, so the  cursor  remains  at
the end of the line.  But a newline is a character that must be matched,
just like any  other  character,  which  means that the cursor is placed
just after it - on the beginning of the next line.

    The character .  has a very simple  meaning  --  it  matches any
single character, except the newline.  Thus a search for  "bad.er" could
match "badger", "badder" (slang), or up to the 'r' of "bad error".

    The character * is known as closure, and means that zero or more
of  the  preceding  character  will  match.    If  there is no character
preceding,  * has no special meaning, and since it will not match with a
newline, * will have no special meaning if preceded by the  beginning of
line symbol ^ or the literal newline character <NL>.

    The notion of  zero  or  more  characters is important.  If, for
example, your cursor was on the line

      This line is missing two vowels.

    and a  search  was  made  for  "a*",  the cursor would not move,
because it is guarenteed to match no letter  'a'  ,  which  satifies the
search conditions.  If you wanted to  search  for  one    or  more  of the
letter 'a', you would search for "aa*", which would match the  letter a,
then zero or more of them.

    The character [ indicates  the    beginning  of a character class.
It  is    similar to the 'any' character ., but you get  to  choose  which
characters you want to match.  The character  class  is  ended    with the
character ].  So, while a  search  for "ba.e" will match "bane", "bade",
"bale", "bate",  et  cetera,  you  can    limit  it to matching "babe" and
"bake" by searching for "ba[bk]e".  Only one of  the  characters  inside
the [ and ] will match a character.  If in fact you  want  to  match any
character except those in the character  class,  you  can put a ^ as the


                                      25






Modes                         MicroEMACS Reference Manual


first character.  It must be the first character of  the  class, or else
it has    no  special  meaning.    So, a search for [^aeiou] will match any
character except a vowel, but a search for [aeiou^] will match any vowel
or a ^.

    If you have a lot of characters in order that you want to put in
the  character class, you may use a dash (-) as a range character.   So,
[a-z] will match any letter (or any lower case letter  if  EXACT mode is
on),  and  [0-9a-f]  will match any digit or any letter 'a' through 'f',
which happen to be the characters for hexadecimal numbers.  If    the dash
is at the beginning or    end of a character class, it is taken to be just
a dash.

    The escape character \ is for those times when you want to be in
MAGIC  mode,  but  also want to use a regular expression character to be
just  a  character.   It turns off the special meaning of the character.
So  a search for "it\." will search for a line with "it.", and not  "it"
followed by any other character.  The escape character will also let you
put ^, -, or ] inside a character class with no special side effects.


7.6  OVER mode


    OVER mode stands for overwrite mode.  When in  this  mode,  when
characters  are  typed,  instead of simply inserting them into the file,
EMACS  will  attempt  to overwrite an existing character past the point.
This is very useful for adjusting tables and diagrams.


7.7  WRAP mode


    Wrap mode is used when typing in continuous text.   Whenever the
cursor is past the currently set fill column  (72  by  default)  and the
user types a space or  a <NL>, the last word of the line is brought down
to  the  beginning  of    the  next  line.  Using this, one just    types  a
continous  stream  of  words and EMACS automatically  inserts  <NL>s  at
appropriate places.

              NOTE to programmers:

      EMACS actually calls up  the  function  bound to the illegal
      keystroke M-FNW.    This is bound to the function wrap-word by
      default, but can be re-bound to activate different functions
      and macros at wrap time.


7.8  VIEW mode


    VIEW mode disables all commands  which    can  change  the current
buffer.  EMACS will display an error message  and  ring  the  bell every
time you attempt to change a buffer in VIEW mode.


26






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                       Modes






               Chapter 7 Summary


    In Chapter 7 you learned about modes and their effects.

Key Binding        Keystroke               Effect
Add-Mode        ^X-M        Add a mode to the current buffer

Delete-Mode        ^X-^M        Delete a mode from the current buffer

Add-Global-Mode         M-M        Add a global mode to the
                    current buffer

Delete-Global-Mode    M-^M        Delete a global mode from the
                    current buffer





































                                      27






Files                         MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                   Chapter 8

                 Files


    A  file is simply a collection of related data.  In EMACS we are
dealing with text files -- named collections of text residing on  a disk
(or some other storage medium).  You will recall that the major entities
EMACS deals with  are  buffers.    Disk-based versions of files are only
active in EMACS when you are reading into or writing out of buffers.  As
we  have  already  seen,  buffers  and    physical  files  are  linked  by
associated  filenames.      For  example,  the buffer "ch7.txt"  which  is
associated with the physical disk file "ch7.txt." You  will  notice that
the file is usually specified by the drive  name  or  (in  the case of a
hard drive) a path.  Thus you can specify full filenames in EMACS,

    e.g. disk:\directories\filename.extension

    If you do not  specify    a disk and directories, the default disk
is used.

    IMPORTANT  -- If you do not explicitly save  your  buffer  to  a
file, all your edits will be  lost  when you leave EMACS (although EMACS
will prompt you  when  you  are  about    to  lose  edits by exiting).  In
addition, EMACS  does not protect your disk-based files from overwriting
when it saves files.  Thus when you  instruct  EMACS  to  save a file to
disk, it will create a file if the specified file  doesn't  exist, or it
will overwrite the previously saved version of the  file  thus replacing
it.  Your old version is gone forever.

    If you are at all  unsure  about  your    edits,    or  if    (for any
reason) you wish to keep previous versions of a file, you can change the
name of the associated file with  the  command    ^X-N.  When this file is
saved to disk, EMACS will create a new physical file under the new name.
The earlier disk file will be preserved.

    For example, let's load the file fang.txt into EMACS.  Now, type
^X-N.  The EMACS command line prompts "name:".    Enter a new name for the
file -- say new.txt and press <NL>.  The file will  be    saved  under the
new filename, and  your  disk  directory  will    show  both  fang.txt and
new.txt.

    An  alternative method is to write the    file  directly    to  disk
under a new filename.  Let's pull our "publish.txt" file into EMACS.  To
write this file under  another    filename, type ^X-^W.  EMACS will prompt
you "write file:".  Enter an alternate filename --  desktop.txt.    Your
file will be saved as the physical file "desktop.txt".



28






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                       Files


    Note that in the examples above, although you  have  changed the
names of the related files, the buffer names remain the same.    However,
when  you pull the physical file back into EMACS, you will find that the
buffer name now relates to the filename.

    For example -- You are working with a buffer "fang.txt" with the
related file "fang.txt".  You change the name of the file  to "new.txt".
EMACS now shows you  working  with the buffer "fang.txt" and the related
file  "new.txt".    Now pull the file "new.txt" into EMACS.  Notice that
the buffer name has now changed to "new.txt".

    If for any reason a conflict of buffer names occurs,(if you have
files of  the  same  name  on  different  drives for example) EMACS will
prompt you "use buffer:".  Enter an alternative buffer name if    you need
to.

    For  a    list  of  file    related commands (including  some  we`ve
already seen), see the summary page.






































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Files                         MicroEMACS Reference Manual






               Chapter 8 Summary


    In Chapter 8 you  learned  some of the more advanced concepts of
file  naming  and  manipulation.    The relationship between  files  and
buffers was discussed in some detail.

Key Binding    Keystroke    Effect

Save-file    ^X-^S        Saves contents of current buffer with
                associated filename on default disk/
                directory (if not specified)

Write-File    ^X-^W        Current buffer contents will be
                saved under specified name

Change-File-name
        ^X-N        The associated filename is changed
                (or associated if not previously
                specified) as specified

Find-File    ^X-^F        Reads specified file into buffer and
                switches you to that buffer, or switches
                to buffer in which the file has previously
                been read

Read-File    ^X-^R        Reads file into buffer thus overwriting
                buffer contents.  If file has already
                been read into another buffer, you will
                be switched to it

View-File    ^X-^V        The same as read-file except the buffer
                is automatically put into VIEW mode thus
                preventing any changes from being made


















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MicroEMACS Reference Manual                   Screen Formatting








                   Chapter 9

               Screen Formatting


9.1  Wrapping Text


    As  we    learned  in  the  introduction,  EMACS    is  not  a  word
processor, but an editor.   Some simple formatting options are available
however, although in most  cases  they will not affect the appearence of
the finished text when it is run through the formatter.  We have already
encountered WRAP mode which  wraps  lines  longer  than a certain length
(default is 75 characters).  You will recall  that  WRAP  is  enabled by
entering ^X-M and responding to the command line prompt with wrap.

    You can also set your own wrap margin with the command ^X-F set-
fill-column.  Notice EMACS responds "[Fill column is 1]." Now try typing
some text.   You'll  notice  some  very strange things happening -- your
text wraps  at    every  word!!  This  effect  occurs because the set wrap
margin command must be preceeded by a numeric argument or EMACS  sets it
to the first column.  Thus any text you type that extends past the first
column will wrap at the most convenient line break.

    To reset the wrap column to 72 characters, press the  <META> key
and enter 72.  EMACS will respond "Arg:  72".     Now  press ^X-F.  EMACS
will respond "[Fill column is 72]".    Your  text will again wrap at the
margin you've been using up to this point.


9.2  Reformatting Paragraphs


    After an intensive editing session, you may find  that    you have
paragraphs  containing    lines  of  differing  lengths.      Although  this
disparity will not affect  the    formatted  text, aesthetic and technical
concerns  may  make  it desirable to have consistent paragraph blocks on
the screen.   If you are in WRAP mode, you can reformat a paragraph with
the  command  M-Q  fill-paragraph.    This command 'fills'  the  current
paragraph  reformatting  it  so  all  the  lines  are  filled  and  wrap
logically.    The  process  is    complex,  and  (especially  with  longer
paragraphs) may take a little time.








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9.3  Changing Case


    There may be occasions when you find it necessary to  change the
case of the text you've entered.  EMACS allows you to change the case of
even large amounts of text with ease.  Let's try and  convert  a  few of
the office traditionalists to the joy  of  word processing.  Type in the
following text:

      Throw  away   your  typewriter  and  learn  to  use  a  word
      processor.   Word processing is relatively easy to learn and
      will increase  your  productivity  enormously.    Enter  the
      Computer Age and find out just how much fun it can be!!

    Let's give it a  little  more  impact  by capitalizing the first
four words.  The first    step is to define the region of text just as you
would  if  you were doing an extensive deletion.  Set the  mark  at  the
beginning of the paragraph with M-<space> set-mark and    move  the cursor
to the space beyond  "typewriter."  Now  enter    ^X-^U case-region-upper.
Your text should now look like this:

      THROW  AWAY   YOUR  TYPEWRITER  and  learn  to  use  a  word
      processor.   Word processing is relatively easy to learn and
      will increase  your  productivity  enormously.    Enter  the
      Computer Age and find out just how much fun it can be!!

    If  you  want  to change the text back to lower case, type ^X-^L
case-region-lower.    You  can    also  capitalize individual words.    To
capitalize the word "fun", position the cursor in front of the    word and
type  M-U  case-word-upper.   The word is now capitalized.  To change it
back to lower case, move the  cursor  back  to the beginning of the word
and type M-L case-word-lower.

    You  may  also    capitalize  individual    letters in EMACS.    The
command M-C case-word-capitalize capitalizes the first letter  after the
point.    This command would normally be issued with the cursor positioned
in front of the first letter of the word you wish to capitalize.  If you
issue it  in  the  middle  of  a  word, you can end up with some strAnge
looking text.


9.4  Tabs


    Unless    your  formatter  is  instructed  to  take   screen  text
literally  (as    MicroSCRIBE  does  in  the  'verbatim'    environment  for
example), tabs in EMACS generally affect screen formatting only.

    When EMACS is first started, it sets the default  tab  to  every
eighth column.    As long as you stay with default,  every  time you press
the tab key a tab character, ^I is inserted.  This character, like other
control  characters,  is  invisible  --   but  it  makes  a  subtle  and
significant difference to your file and editing.



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    For example, in default mode, press the tab key  and  then  type
the word Test.    "Test" appears at the eighth column.    Move your cursor
to the beginning of the word and delete  the  backward    character.   The
word doesn't  move  back  just    one  character,  but flushes to the left
margin.    The    reason for this behavior is easily explained.     In  tab
default, EMACS inserts    a  'real'  tab    character when you press the tab
key.  This character is inserted at the default position, but  NO SPACES
are inserted between the  tab  character and the margin (or previous tab
character).  As you will  recall, EMACS only recognizes characters (such
as  spaces  or    letters) and thus when the tab character is removed, the
text beyond the tab is flushed back to the margin or previous tab mark.

    This situation changes if you alter  the  default configuration.
The default value may  be  changed by entering a numeric argument before
pressing  the  tab key.  As we saw earlier, pressing the  META    key  and
entering a  number  allows  you  to  specify  how EMACS performs a given
action.   In this case, let's specify an argument of 10 and hit the  tab
key.

    Now hit the tab key again  and    type  Test.  Notice the word now
appears at the    tenth column.  Now move to the beginning of the word and
delete the backward character. "Test" moves back by one character.

    EMACS behaves differently in these circumstances because  the ^I
handle-tab function deals with tabbing in two distinct ways.  In default
conditions,  or  if  the  numeric  argument of zero is used,  handle-tab
inserts a true tab character.  If, however, a non-zero    numeric argument
is specified, handle-tab inserts the  correct number of spaces needed to
position the cursor at the next specified tab  position.    It    does NOT
insert the single tab character and hence any  editing    functions should
take account of the number of spaces between tabbed columns.

    Many times you would like to take a line which has  been created
using the tab character and change it to use just  spaces.   The command
^X-^D  detab-line  changes  any tabs from the point to the  end  of  the
current line into the right  number  of  spaces  so  the  line    does not
change.  This is very usefull for times when the file must be printed or
transfered to a machine which does not understand tabs.

    Also, the inverse command,  ^X-^E  entab-lines    changes multiple
spaces to tabs where possible.    This is a good way to shrink the size of
large documents, escpecially with data tables.    Both  of  these commands
can  take  a  numeric argument which will be interpeted as the number of
lines to en/detab.












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               Chapter 9 Summary


    In  Chapter  9    introduced some of the    formatting  features  of
EMACS. Text-wrap, paragraph reformatting,  and    tabs  were  discussed in
some  detail.     The commands in the following table were covered in the
chapter.


Key Binding        Keystroke            Effect
Add-Mode/WRAP        ^X-M[WRAP]    Add wrap mode to current buffer

Delete-Mode/WRAP    ^X-^M[WRAP]    Remove wrap mode from current buffer

Set-Fill-Column         ^X-F        Set fill column to given numeric
                    argument

Fill-Paragraph        M-Q        Logically reformats the current
                    paragraph

Case-Word-Upper         M-U        Text from point to end of the
                    current word is changed to uppercase

Case-Word-Lower         M-L        Text from point to end of the
                    current word is changed to lowercase

Case-Word-Capitalize    M-C        First word (or letter) after the
                    point is capitalized

Case-Region-Upper    ^X-^U        The current region is uppercased

Case-Region-Lower    ^X-^L        The current region is lowercased

Handle-Tab        ^I        Tab interval is set to the given
                    numeric argument
Entab-Line        ^X-^E        Changes multiple spaces to tabs
                    characters where possible
Detab-Line        ^X-^D        Changes tab characters to the
                    apprpriate number of spaces













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                   Chapter 10

                Keyboard Macros


    In many applications, it may be necessary to repeat a  series of
characters or commands frequently.  For example, a paper may require the
frequent repetition of a complex formula or a long name.    You may also
have a series of EMACS commands that you invoke  frequently.    Keyboard
macros    offer  a  convenient  method  of recording and    repeating  these
commands.

    Imagine,  for  example,  you are writing a  scholarly  paper  on
Asplenium platyneuron, the spleenwort fern.  Even the dedicated botanist
would  probably  find  it  a  task  bordering  on  the agonizing to type
Asplenium platyneuron frequently throughout the paper.      An alternative
method is 'record' the name in a keyboard macro.  Try it yourself.

    The  command  ^X-(  begin-macro  starts  recording  the  all the
keystrokes  and  commands  you input.    After  you've  typed  it,  enter
Asplenium platyneuron.    To stop recording, type ^X-)  end-macro.   EMACS
has stored all the keystrokes between  the  two commands.  To repeat the
name  you've  stored,  just  enter  ^X-E  execute-macro,  and  the  name
"Asplenium platyneuron" appears.  You can repeat this action as often as
you want, and of course as  with  any  EMACS command, you may preceed it
with a numerical argument.

    Because  EMACS    records  keystrokes,  you  may    freely    intermix
commands and text.  Unfortunately, you can only  store    one  macro  at a
time.     Thus, if you begin to    record    another  macro,  the  previously
defined macro is lost. Be careful to ensure that  you've  finished  with
one macro before defining another.  If you  have  a  series  of commands
that  you  would  like    to  'record'  for  future use, use the macro  or
procedure facilities detailed in chapter <X>.
















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               Chapter 10 Summary


    Chapter 10 covered keyboard macros.  You learned  how  to record
keystrokes and how to repeat the stored sequence.

Key Binding        Keystroke        Effect

Start-Macro        ^X-(        Starts recording all keyboard input

End-Macro        ^X-)        Stops recording keystrokes for macro

Execute-Macro        ^X-E        Entire sequence of recorded
                    keystrokes is replayed






































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                   Chapter 11

               MicroEMACS Macros


    Macros are programs that are used to customize the editor and to
perform complicated  editing  tasks.    They  may  be stored in files or
buffers and may be executed using an appropriate command, or bound  to a
particular  keystroke.      Portions  of    the standard start-up  file  are
impliment via macros, as well as the example menu system.   The execute-
macro-<n>  commands  cause  the  macro,  numbered  from  1  to 40, to be
executed.  The execute-file command allows you to execute a macro stored
in a disk file, and the  execute-buffer  command allows you to execute a
macro  stored  in  a buffer.  Macros are stored for  easy  execution  by
executing files that contain the store-macro command.

    There are many different aspects  to  the  macro  langage within
MicroEMACS.  Editor commands  are  the    various commands that manipulate
text, buffers, windows, etc, within the editor.  Directives are commands
which  control    what  lines get executed within a macro.  Also there are
various types of variables.    Environmental  variables both control and
report on different aspects  of  the editor.  User variables hold string
values which may be changed and inspected.  Buffer variables  allow text
to be placed into variables.  Interactive variable allow the  program to
prompt the user for information.  Functions can be  used  to  manipulate
all these variables.


11.1  Variables


    Variables  in MicroEMACS can be used  to  return  values  within
expressions,  as repeat counts to editing commands, or    as  text  to  be
inserted into buffers and messages.  The value of these variables is set
using the set  (^X-A)  command.    For    example, to set the current fill
column to 64 characters, the following macro line would be used:

    set $fillcol 64

    or  to    have  the contents of %name inserted at the point in the
current buffer, the command to use would be:

    insert-string %name







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11.1.1    Environmental Variables


    "What good is a quote if you can't change it?"

    These variables are used to  change different aspects of the way
the editor works.  Also they will return the current settings if used as
part of an  expresion.      All  environmental variable names begin with a
dollar sign ($) and are in lower case.

$fillcol     Current fill column

$pagelen     Number of screen lines used currently

$curwidth     Number of columns used currently

$curcol          Current column of point in current buffer

$curline     Current line of point in current buffer

$flicker     Flicker Flag set to TRUE if IBM CGA set  to  FALSE  for
         most others

$cbufname     Name of the current buffer

$cfname          File name of the current buffer

$sres         Current screen resolution (CGA, MONO or EGA on the IBM-
         PC  driver. LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH or  DENSE  on  the  Atari
         ST1040, NORMAL on all others)

$debug         Flag to trigger macro debugging (try it...  you'll like
         it!)

$status          return status    of the success of the last command (TRUE
         or FALSE) usually used with !force

$palette     string used to control the palette register settings on
         graphics versions. The  usually form consists of groups
         of three  octal digits setting the red, green, and blue
         levels.

$asave         The number  of  inserted  characters  between automatic
         file-saves in ASAVE mode.

$acount          The  coundown    of inserted characters    until  the  next
         save-file.

$lastkey     Last keyboard character typed

$curchar     Character currently at the point




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$discmd          Flag to  disable the echoing of messages on the command
         line

$version     Contains the current MicroEMACS version number

$progname     Always  contains  the    string "MicroEMACS" for standard
         MicroEMACS. Could  be something else if used as part of
         someone else's program

$seed         integer seed of the random number generator

$disinp          Flag  to  disable  the  echoing  of  characters  during
         command line input

    Obviously, many more of these  variables  will    be  availible in
future releases of MicroEMACS.    (Yes,  send a vote for your favorite new
environmental variables today).


11.1.2    User variables


    User  variables  allow    you,  the  user,  to  store strings  and
manipulate them.  These strings can be pieces of text, numbers    (in text
form), or the logical values TRUE and FALSE.    These  variables  can be
combined, tested, inserted  into  buffers, and otherwise used to control
the way your macros execute.   At  the    moment, up to 100 user variables
may be    in  use  in  one editing session.  All users variable names must
begin with a percent  sign  (%) and may contain any printing characters.
Only the first 10 characters  are significant (ie differences beyond the
tenth character are ignored).  Most operators will truncate strings to a
length of 128 characters.


11.1.3    Buffer Variables


    Buffer    variables  are    special in that they can only be queried
and cannot be set.  What buffer variables are is a way to take text from
a buffer and place it  in a variable. For example, if I have a buffer by
the name of RIGEL2, and it contains the text:

    Richmond
    Lafayette
    <*>Bloomington        (where <*> is the current point)
    Indianapolis
    Gary
    =* MicroEMACS 3.8i (WRAP) == rigel2 == File: /data/rigel2.txt =====

    and within a command I reference #rigel2, like:

    insert-string #rigel2




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    MicroEMACS would start at the current point in the RIGEL2 buffer
and  grab  all the text up to the end of that line and pass  that  back.
Then it would advance the point to the beginning of the next line. Thus,
after our  last command executes, the string "Bloomington" gets inserted
into the current buffer, and the buffer RIGEL2 now looks like this:

    Richmond
    Lafayette
    Bloomington
    <*>Indianapolis         (where <*> is the current point)
    Gary
    =* MicroEMACS 3.8i (WRAP) == rigel2 == File: /data/rigel2.txt =====

    as you have probably noticed,  a buffer variable consists of the
buffer name, preceded by a pound sign (#).


11.1.4    Interactive variables


    Interactive variables are  actually  a method to prompt the user
for a string.  This is done by using an at sign (@) followed either with
a quoted string, or a variable containing a string.   The  string is the
placed on the  bottom line, and the editor waits for the user to type in
a string.  Then the  string  typed  in    by  the users is returned as the
value of the interactive variable.  For example:

    set %quest "What file? "
    find-file @%quest

    will ask the user for a file name, and then attempt to find it.


11.2  Functions


    Functions can be  used    to manipulate variables in various ways.
Functions can have one,  two,  or three arguments.  These arguments will
always    be  placed  after the function on the current command line.  For
example, if we wanted to increase the current fill column by  two, using
emacs's set (^X-A) command, we would write:

    set $fillcol &add $fillcol 2
     \    \      \      \     \____second operand
      \     \    \      \_________first operand
       \      \     \_______________function to execute
        \       \_____________________variable to set
         \___________________________set (^X-A) command

    Function names always begin with  the  ampresand  (&) character,
and  are  only    significant to the  first  three  characters  after  the
ampresand.    Functions  will  normal  expect  one  of    three  types  of
arguments, and will automatically convert types when needed.



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<num>         an  ascii string of digits which  is  interpeted  as  a
         numeric value.  Any string  which does not start with a
         digit or a minus sign (-) will be considered zero.

<str>         An arbitrary string  of  characters.     At  the moment,
         strings are limited to 128 characters in length.

<log>         A logical value  consisting  of  the  string  "TRUE" or
         "FALSE".  Numeric strings will also evaluate to "FALSE"
         if they are equal to zero, and "TRUE" if they    are non-
         zero.    Arbitrary text    strings  will  have the value of
         "FALSE".

    A list    of  the  currently  availible  functions  follows: (Once
again, send in those votes on what kind of functions  you  would like to
see  added!)  Functions  are  always  used in lower case, the  uppercase
letters in the function table are the short  form  of  the  function (ie
&div for ÷).

Numeric Functions:    (returns <num>)

&ADD        <num> <num>    Add two numbers
&SUB        <num> <num>    Subtract the second number from the first
&TIMes        <num> <num>    Multiply two numbers
&DIVide         <num> <num>    Divide the first number by the second
                giving an integer result
&MOD        <num> <num>    Return the reminder of dividing the
                first number by the second
&NEGate         <neg>        Multiply the arg by -1
&LENgth         <str>        Returns length of string
&ASCii        <str>        Return the ascii code of the first
                character in <str>
&RND        <num>        Returns a random integer between 1 and <num>
&ABS        <num>        Returns the absolute value of <num>

String manipulation functions:    (returns <str>)

&CAT        <str> <str>    Concatinate the two strings to form one
&LEFt        <str> <num>    return the <num> leftmost characters
                from <str>
&RIGht        <str> <num>    return the <num> rightmost characters
                from <str>
&MID        <str> <num1> <num2>
                Starting from <num1> position in <str>,
                return <num2> characters.
&UPPer        <str>        Uppercase <str>
&LOWer        <str>        lowercase <str>
&CHR        <num>        return a string with the character
                represented by ascii code <num>
>K                return a string containing a single
                keystroke from the user

Logical Testing functions:    (returns <log>)



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&NOT        <log>        Return the opposite logical value
&AND        <log1> <log2>    Returns TRUE if BOTH logical arguments
                are TRUE
&OR        <log1> <log2>    Returns TRUE if either argument
                is TRUE
&EQUal        <num> <num>    If <num> and <num> are numerically
                equal, return TRUE
&LESs        <num1> <num2>    If <num1> is less than <num2>, return
                TRUE.
&GREater    <num1> <num2>    If <num1> is greater than, or equal to
                <num2>, return TRUE.
&SEQual         <str1> <str2>    If the two strings are the same, return
                TRUE.
&SLEss        <str1> <str2>    If <str1> is less alphabetically than
                <str2>, return TRUE.
&SGReater    <str1> <str2>    If <str1> is alphabetically greater than
                or equal to <str2>, return TRUE.

Special Functions:

&INDirect    <str>        Evaluate <str> as a variable.

    This last function deserves more explanation. The  &IND function
evaluates its argument, takes the resulting string, and then uses  it as
a variable name.  For example, given the following code sequence:

    ; set up reference table

    set %one    "elephant"
    se    "giraffe"
    set %t    "donkey"

    set %index "two"
    insert-string &ind %index

    the  string  "giraffe"    would have been inserted at the point in
the current buffer.  This indirection  can  be safely nested up to about
10 levels.


11.3  Directives


    Directives are commands which only operate  within  an executing
macro,    ie  they do not make sense as a single command.  As  such,  they
cannot be called up singly or bound to keystroke.  Used  within  macros,
they control what lines are executed and in what order.

    Directives always start with the exclamation mark  (!) character
and must be the first thing placed on a line. Directives executed singly
(via the execute-command-line command) interactively will be ignored.





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11.3.1    !ENDM Directive


    This  directive  is  used to terminate a macro being stored. For
example, if a file is being executed contains the text:

    ;    Read in a file in view mode, and make the window red

    26    store-macro
        find-file @"File to view: "
        add-mode "view"
        add-mode "red"
    !endm

    write-message "[Consult macro has been loaded]"

    only the lines between the  store-macro  command  and  the !ENDM
directive are stored in macro 26.


11.3.2    !FORCE Directive


    When  MicroEMACS executes a macro, if  any  command  fails,  the
macro is terminated at that point.  If    a  line is preceeded by a !FORCE
directive, execution  continues weather the command succeeds or not. For
example:

    ;    Merge the top two windows

    save-window        ;remember what window we are at
    1 next-window        ;go to the top window
    delete-window        ;merge it with the second window
    !force restore-window    ;This will continue irregardless
    add-mode "red"


11.3.3    !IF, !ELSE, and !ENDIF Directives


    This  directive  allows  statements  only  to be executed  if  a
condition specified in the  directive  is met.    Every line following the
!IF directive, until  the  first  !ELSE  or  !ENDIF  directive,  is only
executed if the expresion  following  the  !IF    directive evaluates to a
TRUE value.   For  example,  the  following  macro  segment  creates the
portion of a text file automatically.  (yes  believe  me,  this  will be
easier to understand then that last explanation....)

    !if &sequal %curplace "timespace vortex"
        insert-string "First, rematerialize~n"
    !endif
    !if &sequal %planet "earth"    ;If we have landed on earth...



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        !if &sequal %time "late 20th century"  ;and we are then
            write-message "Contact U.N.I.T."
        !else
            insert-string "Investigate the situation....~n"
            insert-string "(SAY 'stay here Sara')~n"
        !endif
    !else
        set %conditions @"Atmosphere conditions outside? "
        !if &sequal %conditions "safe"
            insert-string &cat "Go outside......" "~n"
            insert-string "lock the door~n"
        !else
            insert-string "Dematerialize..try somewhen else"
            newline
        !endif
    !endif


11.3.4    !GOTO Directive


    Flow can be controlled within a MicroEMACS macro using the !GOTO
directive. It takes as an argument a label. A label  consists  of a line
starting  with an asterick (*) and then an  alphanumeric  label.    Only
labels in the currently executing macro can be jumped to, and  trying to
jump to  a  non-existing  label  terminates  execution    of a macro.  For
example..

    ;Create a block of DATA statements for a BASIC program

        insert-string "1000 DATA "
        set %linenum 1000

    *nxtin
        update-screen        ;make sure we see the changes
        set %data @"Next number: "
        !if &equal %data 0
            !goto finish
        !endif

        !if &greater $curcol 60
            2 delete-previous-character
            newline
            set %linenum &add %linenum 10
            insert-string &cat %linenum " DATA "
        !endif

        insert-string &cat %data ", "
        !goto nxtin

    *finish

        2 delete-previous-character



44






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                   MicroEMACS Macros


        newline


11.3.5    !RETURN Directive


    The !RETURN Directive  causes  the current macro to exit, either
returning to the caller (if any) or to interactive mode.  For example:

    ;    Check the monitor type and set %mtyp

    !if &sres "CGA"
        set %mtyp 1
        !return
    !else
        set %mtyp 2
    !endif

    insert-string "You are on a MONOCHROME machine!~n"





































                                      45






MicroEMACS commands                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                   Appendix A

              MicroEMACS commands


    Below  is a complete list of the commands  in  EMACS,  the  keys
normally used to do the command,  and  what the command does.  Remember,
on some computers there may also  be  additional ways of using a command
(cursor keys and special function keys for example).

Command                         Binding         Meaning
abort-command         ^G    This allows the user to abort out of any
                command that is waiting for input

add-mode         ^X-M    Add a mode to the current buffer

add-global-mode          M-M    Add a global mode for all new buffers

apropos                  M-A    List out commands whose name contains
                the string specified

backward-character     ^B    Move one character to the left

begin-macro         ^X-(    Begin recording a keyboard macro

beginning-of-file     M-<    Move to the beginning of the file in
                the current buffer

beginning-of-line     ^A    Move to the beginning of the current line

bind-to-key         M-K    Bind a key to a function

buffer-position          ^X-=    List the position of the cursor in the
                current window on the command line

case-region-lower     ^X-^L    Make a marked region all lower case

case-region-upper     ^X-^U    Make a marked region all upper case

case-word-capitalize     M-C    Capitalize the following word

case-word-lower          M-L    Lower case the following word

case-word-upper          M-U    Upper case the following word

change-file-name     ^X-N    Change the name of the file in the
                current buffer



46






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                 MicroEMACS commands


change-screen-size     M-^S    Chnage the number of lines of the screen
                currently being used

change-screen-width     M-^T    Change the number of columns of the
                screen currently being used

clear-and-redraw     ^L    Clear the physical screen and redraw it

clear-message-line    (none)    Clear the command line

copy-region         M-W    Copy the currently marked region into
                the kill buffer

count-words         M-^C    Count how many words, lines and
                characters are in the current marked region

ctlx-prefix         ^X    Change the key used as the ^X prefix

delete-blank-lines     ^X-^O    Delete all blank lines around the cursor

delete-buffer         ^X-K    Delete a buffer which is not being
                currently displayed in a window

delete-mode         ^X-^M    Turn off a mode in the current buffer

delete-global-mode     M-^M    Turn off a global mode

delete-next-character     ^D    Delete the character following the cursor

delete-next-word     M-D    Delete the word following the cursor

delete-other-windows     ^X-1    Make the current window cover the entire
                screen

delete-previous-character^H    Delete the character to the left of the
                cursor

delete-previous-word     M-^H    Delete the word to the left of the cursor

delete-window         ^X-0    Remove the current window from the screen

describe-bindings    (none)    Make a list of all legal commands

describe-key         ^X-?    Describe what command is bound to a
                keystroke sequence

detab-line         ^X-^D    Change all tabs in a line to the
                equivilant spaces

end-macro         ^X-)    stop recording a keyboard macro

end-of-file         M->    Move cursor to the end of the current buffer

end-of-line         ^E    Move to the end of the current line


                                      47






MicroEMACS commands                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual


entab-line         ^X-^E    Change multiple spaces to tabs where
                possible

exchange-point-and-mark  ^X-^X    Move cursor to the last marked spot,
                make the original position be marked

execute-buffer        (none)    Execute a buffer as a macro

execute-command-line    (none)    Execute a line typed on the command
                line as a macro command

execute-file         FNB    Execute a file as a macro

execute-macro         ^X-E    Execute the keyboard macro (play back
                the recorded keystrokes)
execute-macro-<n>    (none)    Execute numbered macro <N> where <N> is
                an integer from 1 to 40

execute-named-command     M-X    Execute a command by name

execute-procedure     M-^E    Execute a procedure by name

exit-emacs         ^X-^C    Exit EMACS. If there are unwritten,
                changed buffers EMACS will ask to confirm

fill-paragraph         M-Q    Fill the current paragraph

filter-buffer         ^X-#    Filter the current buffer through an
                external filter

find-file         ^X-^F    Find a file to edit in the current window

forward-character     ^F    Move cursor one character to the right

goto-line         M-G    Goto a numbered line

goto-matching-fence     M-^F    Goto the matching fence

grow-window         ^X-^    Make the current window larger

handle-tab         ^I    Insert a tab or set tab stops

hunt-forward         FN=    Hunt for the next match of the last
                search string

hunt-backward         FN>    Hunt for the last match of the last
                search string

help             M-?    Read EMACS.HLP into a buffer and display it

i-shell                  ^X-C    Shell up to a new command processor

incremental-search     ^X-S    Search for a string, incrementally



48






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                 MicroEMACS commands


insert-file         ^X-^I    insert a file at the cursor in the
                current file

insert-space         ^C    Insert a space to the right of the cursor

insert-string        (none)    Insert a string at the cursor

kill-paragraph         M-^W    Delete the current paragraph

kill-region         ^W    Delete the current marked region, moving
                it to the kill buffer

kill-to-end-of-line     ^K    Delete the rest of the current line

list-buffers         ^X-^B    List all existing buffers

meta-prefix         <ESC>    Key used to preceed all META commands

move-window-down     ^X-^N    Move all the lines in the current window down

move-window-up         ^X-^P    Move all the lines in the current window up

name-buffer         M-^N    Change the name of the current buffer

newline                  ^M    Insert a <NL> at the cursor

newline-and-indent     ^J    Insert a <NL> at the cursor and indent
                the new line the same as the preceeding line

next-buffer         ^X-X    Bring the next buffer in the list into
                the current window

next-line         ^N    Move the cursor down one line

next-page         ^V    Move the cursor down one page

next-paragraph         M-N    Move cursor to the next paragraph

next-window         ^X-O    Move cursor to the next window

next-word         M-F    Move coursor to the beginning of the
                next word

open-line         ^O    Open a line at the cursor

pipe-command         ^X-@    Execute an external command and place
                its output in a buffer

previous-line         ^P    Move cursor up one line

previous-page         ^Z    Move cursor up one page

previous-paragraph     M-P    Move back one paragraph



                                      49






MicroEMACS commands                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual


previous-window          ^X-P    Move the cursor to the last window

previous-word         M-B    Move the cursor to the beginning of the
                word to the left of the cursor

query-replace-string     M-^R    Reaplace all of one string with another
                string, interactivly quering the user

quick-exit         M-Z    Exit EMACS, writing out all changed buffers

quote-character          ^Q    Insert the next character literally

read-file         ^X-^R    Read a file into the current buffer

redraw-display         M-^L    Redraw the display, centering the
                current line

resize-window         ^X-W    Change the number of lines in the
                current window

restore-window        (none)    Move cursor to the last saved window

replace-string         M-R    Replace all occurences of one string
                with another string from the cursor
                to the end of the buffer

reverse-incremental-search^X-R    Search backwards, incrementally

run             M-^E    Execute a named procedure

save-file         ^X-^S    Save the current buffer if it is changed

save-window        (none)    Remember current window (to restore later)

scroll-next-up         M-^Z    Scroll the next window up

scroll-next-down     M-^V    Scroll the next window down

search-forward         ^S    Search for a string

search-reverse         ^R    Search backwards for a string

select-buffer         ^X-B    Select a buffer to display in the
                current window

set             ^X-A    Set a variable to a value

set-encryption-key     M-E    Set the encryption key of the current buffer

set-fill-column          ^X-F    Set the current fill column

set-mark            Set the mark

shell-command         ^X-!    Execute an external command


50






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                 MicroEMACS commands


shrink-window         ^X-^Z    Make the current window smaller

split-current-window     ^X-2    Split the current window in two

store-macro        (none)    Store the following macro lines to a
                numbered macro

store-procedure         (none)    Store the following macro lines to a
                named procedure

transpose-characters     ^T    Transpose the character at the cursor
                with the character to the left

trim-line         ^X-^T    Trim any trailing whitespace from line

unbind-key         M-^K    Unbind a key from a function

universal-argument     ^U    Execute the following command 4 times

unmark-buffer         M-~    Unmark the current buffer (so it is
                no longer changed)

update-screen        (none)    Force a screen update during macro execution

view-file         ^X-^V    Find a file,and put it in view mode

wrap-word         M-FNW    Wrap the current word, this is an
                internal function

write-file         ^X-^W    Write the current buffer under a new
                file name

write-message        (none)    Display a string on the command line

yank             ^Y    yank the kill buffer into the current
                buffer at the cursor




















                                      51






MicroEMACS Bindings                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                   Appendix B

              MicroEMACS Bindings


    Below is a complete list of the key bindings used in MicroEMACS.
This can be used as a wall chart reference for MicroEMACS commands.

              Default Key Bindings for MicroEmacs 3.8i

 ^A   Move to start of line          ESC A   Apropos (list some commands)
 ^B   Move backward by characters     ESC B   Backup by words
 ^C   Insert space              ESC C   Initial capitalize word
 ^D   Forward delete              ESC D   Delete forward word
 ^E   Goto end of line              ESC E   Reset Encryption Key
 ^F   Move forward by characters      ESC F   Advance by words
 ^G   Abort out of things          ESC G   Go to a line
 ^H   Backward delete
 ^I   Insert tab/Set tab stops
 ^J   Insert CR-LF, then indent
 ^K   Kill forward              ESC K   Bind Key to function
 ^L   Refresh the screen          ESC L   Lower case word
 ^M   Insert CR-LF              ESC M   Add global mode
 ^N   Move forward by lines          ESC N   Goto End paragraph
 ^O   Open up a blank line
 ^P   Move backward by lines          ESC P   Goto Begining of paragraph
 ^Q   Insert literal              ESC Q   Fill current paragraph
 ^R   Search backwards              ESC R   Search and replace
 ^S   Search forward
 ^T   Transpose characters
 ^U   Repeat command four times       ESC U   Upper case word
 ^V   Move forward by pages          ESC V   Move backward by pages
 ^W   Kill region              ESC W   Copy region to kill buffer
 ^Y   Yank back from killbuffer       ESC X   Execute named command
 ^Z   Move backward by pages          ESC Z   Save all buffers and exit

 ESC ^C   Count words in region       ESC ~   Unmark current buffer
 ESC ^F   Goto matching fence          ESC !   Reposition window
 ESC ^H   Delete backward word          ESC <   Move to start of buffer
 ESC ^K   Unbind Key from function    ESC >   Move to end of buffer
 ESC ^L   Reposition window          ESC .   Set mark
 ESC ^M   Delete global mode          ESC space    Set mark
 ESC ^N   Rename current buffer       ESC rubout   Delete backward word
 ESC ^R   Search & replace w/query      rubout   Backward delete
 ESC ^S   Change screen rows
 ESC ^T   Change screen columns
 ESC ^V   Scroll next window down
 ESC ^W   Delete Paragraph


52






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                 MicroEMACS Bindings


 ESC ^Z   Scroll next window up

 ^X ?    Describe a key           ^X !   Run 1 command in a subjob
 ^X =    Show the cursor position   ^X @    Pipe DOS command to buffer
 ^X ^    Enlarge display window       ^X #   Filter buffer thru DOS filter
 ^X 0    Delete current window       ^X (   Begin macro
 ^X 1    Delete other windows       ^X )   End macro
 ^X 2    Split current window
                   ^X A   Set variable value
 ^X ^B     Display buffer list       ^X B   Switch a window to a buffer
 ^X ^C     Exit MicroEMACS       ^X C   Start a new command processer
                   ^X D   Suspend MicroEMACS (BSD4.2 only)
                   ^X E   Execute macro
 ^X ^F     Find file           ^X F   Set fill column
 ^X ^I     Insert file
                   ^X K   Delete buffer
 ^X ^L     Lower case region
 ^X ^M     Delete Mode           ^X M   Add a mode
 ^X ^N     Move window down       ^X N   Rename current filename
 ^X ^O     Delete blank lines       ^X O   Move to the next window
 ^X ^P     Move window up            ^X P   Move to the previous window
 ^X ^R     Get a file from disk       ^X R   Incremental reverse search
 ^X ^S     Save current file       ^X S   Incremental forward search
 ^X ^U     Upper case region
 ^X ^V     View file
 ^X ^W     Write a file to disk       ^X W   resize Window
 ^X ^X     Swap "." and mark       ^X X   Use next buffer
 ^X ^Z     Shrink window           ^X Z   Enlarge display window

Only under PCDOS:
 <ALT>-S Hunt forward         SHIFT <F1> - <F10>
 <ALT>-R Hunt backward         Execute macroes 1 - 10

Usable Modes
WRAP     Lines going past right margin "wrap" to a new line
VIEW     Read-Only mode where no modifications are allowed
CMODE     Change behavior of some commands to work with C better
EXACT     Exact case matching on search strings
OVER     Overwrite typed characters instead of inserting them
CRYPT     Current buffer will be encrypted on write, decrypted on read
MAGIC     Use regular expresion matching in searches
ASAVE     Save the file every 256 inserted characters

WHITE/CYAN/MAGENTA/YELLOW/BLUE/RED/GREEN/BLACK    Sets forground color
white/cyan/magenta/yellow/blue/red/green/black    Sets background color











                                      53






Supported machines                 MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                   Appendix C

               Supported machines


    The following table lists all the hardware/compilers for which I
currently support MicroEMACS.    This  is  not  exclusive of all machines
which MicroEMACS will  run on, but I have either run it myself, or had a
first hand report of it running.

Hardware    OS        Compiler    Comments
VAX 780         UNIX V5         native
        UNIX V7         native
        BSD 4.2         native        job control supported
        *VMS        native        only some terminals supported

NCR Tower    UNIX V5         native

Fortune 32:16    UNIX V7         native

IBM-PC        MSDO        LATTICE 2.15    Large CODE/Large DATA
         2.0 & 3.2    AZTEC 3.4e    Small CODE/Large DATA
                *MSC 4.0
                *MWC 86

HP150        MSDOS        Lattice 2.15    Function key labels
                        for the touch screen

HP110        MSDOS        Lattice 2.15
                Aztec 3.4e

*Data General 10
        MSDOS        Lattice 2.15

*Texas Instruments Professional
        MSDOS        Lattice 2.15

Amiga        Intuition    Lattice 3.03    no mouse or menus yet
                *Aztec 3

ST520        TOS        Lattice 3.10    no menus yet,
                        no shell commands

Systems to be supported (ie some code is already written:)
Macintosh    Finder 5.0    Aztec

*means that I do not own or have access to the listed compiler and/or
 machine and must rely upon others to help support it.


54






MicroEMACS Reference Manual             Machine Dependent Notes








                   Appendix D

            Machine Dependent Notes


    This   appendix   lists   some     notes    specific  to  individual
implementations  of MicroEMACS. Every attempt has  been  made  to  allow
EMACS to be identical on all  machines,  but  we have also tried to take
advantage of function keys, cursor  keys, mice, and special screen modes
where possible.


D.1  IBM-PC/XT/AT and its clones


    The  IBM-PC  family  of computers is supported with a variety of
different display adapters.  EMACS will attempt to discover what adapter
is connected and use the proper driver for it. Below is  a  list  of the
currently supported video adapters:

Adapter                         $sres        Original mode used
Monochrome Graphics Adapter    MONO        MONO
Color Graphics Adapter        CGA        CGA
Enhanced graphics Adapter    EGA        CGA

    EMACS also takes advatage of  various function keys and the keys
on the keypad on an IBM-PC.  The function keys    are  initially not bound
to any particular functions (except by the emacs.rc  startup  file), but
the keypad keys do default to the following:

Keypad key    Function
Home        beginning-of-file
CSRS UP         previous-line
Pg Up        previous-page
CSRS LEFT    backward-character
CSRS RIGHT    forward-character
End        end-of-file
CSRS DOWN    next-line
Pg Dn        Next-page

    All these special keys are indicated in EMACS macroes by  use of
the FN prefix.    Below is a list of many of the keys and  the  codes used
to specify them.  Also the codes may be gotten by using the describe-key
(^X ?) command on the suspect key.






                                      55






Machine Dependent Notes                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual


            IBM PC function keys in MicroEmacs

    function    Function    ^function    Alt-function
 f1)      FN;          FNT          FN^          FNh
 f2)      FN<          FNU          FN_          FNi
 f3)      FN=          FNV          FN`          FNj
 f4)      FN>          FNW          FNa          FNk
 f5)      FN?          FNX          FNb          FNl
 f6)      FN@          FNY          FNc          FNm
 f7)      FNA          FNZ          FNd          FNn
 f8)      FNB          FN[          FNe          FNo
 f9)      FNC          FN\          FNf          FNp
f10)      FND          FN]          FNg          FNq

home)      FNG                  FNw
CuUp)      FNH
PgUp)      FNI                  FNä {Alt 132}
CuLf)      FNK                  FNs
 5  )
CuRt)      FNM                  FNt
 End)      FNO                  FNu
CuDn)      FNP
PgDn)      FNQ                  FNv
 Ins)      FNR
 Del)      FNS































56






MicroEMACS Reference Manual             Machine Dependent Notes




D.2  Atari 520/1040ST


    The ATARI ST family of computers have a dual personality.   They
may use either a monochrome or a color screen. EMACS supports two screen
resolutions on each monitor.

Monitor $sres size #color $palette format
Color    LOW    40x25    16    000111222333444555666777
    MEDIUM    80x25    4    000111222333
Mono    HIGH    80x25    2    000
    DENSE    80x40    2    000

    The $palette environment variable can  be  used  to  change what
color  is  associated  with each color name.  With a color monitor, each
group  of three digits indicates an octal  number  specifying  the  RED,
GREEN  and BLUE levels of that color.  Each color digit can vary from  0
to  7.      For example, the initial setting of $palette in LOW resolution
is:

    000700070770007707077777

    which broken up is:

    000 700 070 770 007 707 077 777

    which means:

    000    Black
    700    Red
    070    Green
    770    Yellow
    007    Blue
    707    Magenta
    077    Cyan
    777    White

      Note: DENSE mode is not yet  supported  in 3.8i.    It will be
      soon

    Also the mouse generates FN prefix codes when moved, or when one
of  the  two  buttons is pressed. Initially the movement of the mouse is
bound to movement of the cursor,  and  the left mouse button generates a
set-mark (M-space) command.   The  cursor keys and the function keys are
bound similarly to to IBM-PC.









                                      57






Machine Dependent Notes                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual




D.3  Amiga 1000


    The Commodore AMIGA 1000 version  of  MicroEMACS  does    not have
extensive support of the mouse or of pull down menus as of yet.  It does
however come up in a  window, and it is possible to re-size it to run in
different sized  windows.  The M-^S change-screen-size takes its numeric
argument as the  new number of lines for EMACS to use.    The M-^T change-
screen-width  command  allows  you to change the number of columns EMACS
will  use.  The defaults for these are 23 lines and 77 characters across
for a full screen window.

            Note about Compiling MicroEMACS

          If you are compiling the    sources  on  the  AMIGA to
      produce an executable  image,  and you are using the Lattice
      compiler,  be sure to give the  CLI  command  'STACK  40000'
      before compiling to make sure  the  compiler  has sufficient
      stack space to successfully complete compiliation.



































58






MicroEMACS Reference Manual             Machine Dependent Notes




D.4  UNIX V5, V7, and BSD4.[23]


    MicroEMACS under UNIX utilizes the  TERMCAP  library  to provide
machine  independent  screen  functions.    Make  sure    that termcap  is
availible  and properly set on your account  before  attempting  to  use
MicroEMACS.

    Under  systems    which  support job control, you can use the ^X-D
suspend-emacs command to place EMACS  into the background.  This carries
a much smaller overhead than bringing up a new shell under EMACS.  EMACS
will properly redraw the screen when you bring it back to the forground.

    With the addition of some very machine/operating system specific
code, EMACS can prevent two or more people from modifying the  same file
at the same  time. The upper level of a set of functions to provide file
locking  exist    in the source file LOCK.C.    It  requires  two  machine
specific  functions  written  and  linked  into EMACS for it to  operate
properly.

    char *dolock(fname)

    char *fname;

    dolock() locks a file, preventing others from modifying it. If
    it succeeds, it returns NULL, otherwise it returns a pointer to
    a string in the form "LOCK ERROR: explination".

    char *undolock(fname)

    char *fname;

    undolock() unlocks a file, allowing others to modifying it. If
    it succeeds, it returns NULL, otherwise it returns a pointer to
    a string in the form "LOCK ERROR: explination".



















                                      59






Index                         MicroEMACS Reference Manual








                    Index


     <NL> 12            end-of-file 4
                    end-of-line 4
     A                entab-lines 33
     add-global-mode 23        execute-buffer 37
     add-mode 3, 23                 execute-file 37
                    execute-macro 35
     B                execute-macro-<n> 37
     backward-character 4        exit-emacs 8
     begin-macro 35
     beginning-of-file 4, 7         F
     beginning-of-line 4        file-file 17
     buffer 4, 6            file locking 59
     buffers 20            fill-paragraph 7, 31
                    fill column 26
     C                find-file 18, 20
     case-region-lower 32        forward-character 4
     case-word-capitalize
          32            H
     case-word-lower 32        handle-tab 33
     case-word-upper 32
     change-screen-size 58        K
     change-screen-width 58         kill-region 9
     color 23            kill-to-end-of-line 8
     control-x 1            kill buffer 10
     control key 1
     copy-region 10                 L
     cursor keys 4            list-buffers 21, 23

     D                M
     default string 13        mark 9
     delete-blank-lines 8        meta key 1
     delete-buffer 21        mode line 2, 6
     delete-global-mode 23        modes 3, 23
     delete-mode 23                 move-window-down 18
     delete-next-character        move-window-up 18
          8
     delete-next-word 8        N
     delete-previous-        newline 1
          character 7        next-buffer 20
     delete-previous-word 8         next-line 3
     detab-line 33            next-paragraph 4

     E                O
     encryption 24            open-line 7
     end-macro 35


60






MicroEMACS Reference Manual                       Index


                    select-buffer 20
     P                set-encryption-key 24
     point 9            set-fill-column 31
     previous-line 3        set-mark 9
     previous-paragraph 4        special keys 1
     previous-window 17        split-current-window
     previous-word 3             17
                    suspend-emacs 59
     Q
     query-replace 14        T
     query-replace-string        tab handling 33
          14            termcap 59
                    text window 2
     R
     replace-string 13        W
                    window 6
     S                windows 2, 17
     save-file 4            wrap-word 26
     screen 6            wrapping text 31
     scroll-next-down 18        write-file 4
     scroll-next-up 18
     search-forward 12        Y
     search-reverse 13        yank 10

































                                      61












                 Table of Contents





      Chapter 1  Basic Concepts                                  1
     1.1  Keys and the Keyboard  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
     1.2  Getting Started  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
     1.3  Parts and Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
     1.4  Entering Text  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
     1.5  Basic cursor movement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
     1.6  Saving your text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

      Chapter 2  Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions  6
     2.1  A Word About Windows, Buffers, Screens, and
     Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
     2.2  Insertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
     2.3  Deletions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

      Chapter 3  Using Regions                                   9
     3.1  Defining and Deleting a Region . . . . . . . . . . 9
     3.2  Yanking a Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

      Chapter 4  Search and Replace                             12
     4.1  Forward Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.2  Exact Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.3  Backward Search  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.4  Searching and Replacing  . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.5  Query-Replace  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

      Chapter 5  Windows                                        17
     5.1  Creating Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2  Deleting Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.3  Resizing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.4  Other Window commands  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

      Chapter 6  Buffers                                        20

      Chapter 7  Modes                                          23
     7.1  ASAVE mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     7.2  CMODE mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     7.3  CRYPT mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     7.4  EXACT mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     7.5  MAGIC mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     7.6  OVER mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     7.7  WRAP mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     7.8  VIEW mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26





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      Chapter 8  Files                                          28

      Chapter 9  Screen Formatting                              31
     9.1  Wrapping Text  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     9.2  Reformatting Paragraphs  . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     9.3  Changing Case  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     9.4  Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32

      Chapter 10  Keyboard Macros                               35

      Chapter 11  MicroEMACS Macros                             37
     11.1  Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
        11.1.1  Environmental Variables  . . . . . . . . .  38
        11.1.2  User variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
        11.1.3  Buffer Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
        11.1.4  Interactive variables  . . . . . . . . . .  40
     11.2  Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     11.3  Directives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
        11.3.1  !ENDM Directive  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
        11.3.2  !FORCE Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
        11.3.3  !IF, !ELSE, and !ENDIF Directives  . . . .  43
        11.3.4  !GOTO Directive  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
        11.3.5  !RETURN Directive  . . . . . . . . . . . .  45

      Appendix A  MicroEMACS commands                46

      Appendix B  MicroEMACS Bindings                52

      Appendix C  Supported machines                54

      Appendix D  Machine Dependent Notes            55
     D.1  IBM-PC/XT/AT and its clones  . . . . . . . . . .  55
     D.2  Atari 520/1040ST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
     D.3  Amiga 1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     D.4  UNIX V5, V7, and BSD4.[23] . . . . . . . . . . .  59





















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